Scientific research assessment under discussion.

Editors The San Francisco Declaration on Research Assessment (DORA) was issued on May 16 this year. Initially signed by 155 scientists and 78 scientifi c institutions, it explicitly proposes eliminating the use of the impact factor (IF) in science journals " as a surrogate measure of the quality of individual research articles, to assess an individual scientist's contributions, or in hiring, promotion, or funding decisions " (http://am.ascb.org/dora/). Calculating a journal's IF is simple. In a given year, a journal's IF is equal to the number of times the articles published by the journal in the previous two years were cited, divided by the number of articles published during that period. Originally created as an indicator to guide journal purchases by libraries at research institutions, it gradually became adopted as " THE " indicator of quality in scientifi c output. Even more worrisome, it came to be used for assessing individual researchers. The mistake of using a journal's performance indicator to assess an individual article's quality has long been known to epidemiology: it is called an ecological fallacy. The IF is problematic even as a metric for assessing journals themselves. The various limitations include: reviews, which in some fi elds (including Public Health) are cited more frequently; the life cycle of articles, which is generally longer than two years; and the fact that one frequently cited article is enough to substantially increase a journal's IF, since means are sensitive to extreme values. Any assessment metric or behavioral incentive measure has desirable effects, if it is a good measure, and undesirable effects due to the negative incentives it creates. The adoption of the IF in research funding decisions has been associated with an increase in cases of misconduct (Couzin-Frankel. Science 2013; 339:386-9). From the perspective of science publishers, assigning excessive weight to IF in editorial assessments can be potentially harmful to science if the choice of what to publish is infl uenced predominantly by the article's citation potential. Surely, the vast majority of editors, renowned scientists who volunteer their time and skills to journals, are doing honest and serious work. However, we are experiencing a moment of major changes in scientifi c journal funding, in many cases leading to a shift toward a business model (a highly lucrative one at that). In addition to the overall recommendation, DORA offers a set of specifi c recommendations for researchers, research institutions, organizations that supply …